2026-06-08T06:15:14+03:30 http://cjdr.ir/browse.php?mag_id=16&slc_lang=en&sid=1

16-247 2026-06-08 10.1002

Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Faraneh Mokhtarpour faraneh.mokhtarpour@gmail.com Homayoon Alaghehmand halagheh@yahoo.com Soraya Khafri khafri@yahoo.com Mina Mahdian mahdianmina@gmail.com Introduction: Dental ceramics are considered as materials that can restore the appearance of natural teeth. Etching the inner surface of a ceramic restoration with hydrofluoric acid (HF) followed by using a silane coupling agent is a well-known and recommended method to increase the bond strength. The aim of etching on ceramic structure is to enhance the surface roughness (Ra) and energy and to cleanse the bonding area. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different HF concentrations and etching times on the Ra of IPS e.max CADTM and Vita mark IITM. Materials &Methods: Two HF concentrations (5% and 10%) and three etching times (20, 60 and 120 seconds) were evaluated. Etched patterns were observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Ra was measured using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Surface element analysis was performed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX). Data were analyzed on SPSS 20 using ANOVA and T-test. Results: The Ra had no significant difference among various Vita mark IITM specimens (P=0.973). Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% HF, the AFM results showed that 20-s etching time had the lowest Ra and among those etched with 10% HF and 120-s etching time had the most Ra. In IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with acid for 20 s, a significant difference was observed in Ra of 5% and 10% acid concentrations (5% HF lower than 10% HF) (p=0.012). Conclusion:  Among IPS e.maxTM specimens etched with 5% and 10% HF, increasing the etching time lead to higher Ra. For both IPS e.maxTM and Vita mark IITM, 20-s etching with 5% HF provides acceptable Ra for the bond. Ceramics Hydrofluoric acid Scanning electron microscopy 2019 9 01 8 15 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-247-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.8

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Fatereh Samadi fatere.samadi@gmail.com Manouchehr Rahmati Kamel m_rahmati_kamel@yahoo.com Valiollah Arash vali_arash1344@yahoo.com Soraya Khafri khafri@yahoo.com Faezeh Abolghasemzadeh F.abolghasemzade@gmail.com Introduction: The bonding process in orthodontic treatment is very important. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and bond failure sites of stainless steel brackets bonded with two new two-step adhesives (Biofix (BF) and Orthocem (OC)) and a three-step adhesive (Transbond XT (TXT)). Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 66 extracted human premolars were collected and randomly divided into three groups (n=22). The brackets were bonded to each tooth with a) TXT, b) BF, and c) OC adhesives according to manufacturers’ instructions. The SBS values of the brackets were measured 24 hours after thermocycling. Adhesive remnant index (ARI), enamel detachment index (EDI) and bond failure locations on bracket surfaces were qualitatively and quantitatively assessed using stereomicroscopic, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22 software and ANOVA test. The significance level was defined at P<0.05. Results: The means and standard deviations of SBS values for TXT, BF and OC adhesives were 22.49±4.58, 17.82±6.43 and 16.20±4.46 MPa, respectively. The SBS in the TXT group was significantly different from the two other groups, but the difference was not significant between the two other groups. Moreover, ARI and EDI were not significantly different between the three groups. The SBS values of BF (P<0.001) and OC (P<0.001) were not significantly different. Conclusion: The adhesive SBS in the BF and OC groups was in the determined ranges to bond the orthodontic brackets. Therefore, these two adhesives can be used as a proper alternative for conventional bonding methods. Dentistry Orthodontics Scanning electron microscopy 2019 9 01 16 24 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-260-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.16

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Fatemeh Pachenari pachenari.dds@gmail.com Shima Nourmohammadi Shima.nourmohammadi@arakmu.ac.ir Saber Babazadeh Saber.babazadeh@gmail.com Sara Maleki Kambakhsh smaleki@qums.ac.ir Introduction: In direct aesthetic restoration, microleakage resulting from polymerization shrinkage of resin composites is still challenging. Different strategies such as maximizing the amount of inorganic filler with prepolymerized filler and different silorane matrixes have introduced to overcome this issue. The aim of this experimental study was to compare the microleakage in low-shrinkage methacrylate-based (Clear fil AP-X) and silorane-based (Filtek P90) composite resins in class II cavities on primary molar teeth. Materials & Methods: Classic class II slot cavity preparation was done on 60 healthy human primary molars. Specimens were randomly divided into two groups. For restoring the cavity in group I: methacrylate-based composite resin, and in group II: silorane-based micro-hybrid composite resin were used. The samples were thermocycled and soaked in 2% basic fuchsine dye for 24 h. They were longitudinally sectioned and observed at the gingival margins under ×10 magnification. Scores were assigned upon the amount of dye penetration. The Mann-Whitney U-test through SPSS19.0 was used for statistical analysis of data. Results: In both groups, the major of samples showed score 0 of dye penetration. The comparison of gingival margin leakage indicated no significant difference between two groups. Conclusion: Both restorative materials, irrespective of their type had microleakage. Given the comparable microleakage of silorane-based (Filtek P90) and low-shrinkage methacrylate-based (Clear fil AP-X) composite resins in Class II cavities of primary molars, the clinical efficacy of both materials seems to be similar. Silorane resins Methacrylates Composite resins 2019 9 01 25 31 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-272-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.25

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Madeh Zarei zareimadeh666@gmail.com Homayoon Alaghehmand halagheh@yahoo.com Ebrahim Zabihi e_zabihi@yahoo.com Soraya Khafri khafri@yahoo.com Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the addition of sodium fluoride to fifth-generation adhesive (Solobond M) on the degree of microleakage and type I collagen content of dentin. Materials & Methods: The present in vitro study was conducted on 120 orthodontically extracted human premolars devoid of decay and anatomical defects. Two series of 20 premolars were selected to test immunohistochemistry (IHC) and two series of 40 premolars to evaluate microleakage in two time points of 24 hours and 3 months. In both tests and at both time points, the tests were performed on the samples divided  into four groups: 1-control (only Solobond M), 2-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride, 3-bonding group (Solobond M) containing Chlorhexidine (CHX) after acid etching, and 4-bonding group (Solobond M) containing fluoride+CHX after acid etching. Results: The IHC score at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly higher in the CHX, Fluoride, and Fluoride+CHX groups compared to the control group. The IHC score in the CHX+fluoride group was higher than that in the CHX group (p=0.04). The degree of microleakage at 24 hours and 3 months was significantly lower in the Fluoride+CHX and Fluoride groups compared to the control group. The degree of microleakage in the Fluoride group was lower than in the CHX group. The IHC score and the microleakage degree had no significant difference in 24 hours and 3 months between the Fluoride+CHX, Fluoride and CHX groups. Conclusion: It seems that the effect of fluoride on non-degradation of collagen is greater than that of the CHX. Sodium Fluoride Adhesives Collagen type I 2019 9 01 32 41 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-277-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.32

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Maryam Hosseini dr.mh9173@gmail.com Mohammad Mehdi Naghibi Sistani m.naghibi@mubabol.ac.ir Soraya Khafri khafri@yahoo.com Mahtab Hamzeh dr.mahtabhamzeh@yahoo.com Introduction: Since the first permanent molar (FPM) as a first permanent tooth erupts between 6-7 years old and has a long period of eruption, it is the most caries prone tooth. One of the problems is inadequate knowledge of parents about the eruption time of the FPM; because these teeth erupt behind the deciduous teeth without a primary successor. In the present study, mothers' knowledge about its eruption time and its effect on health of these teeth was evaluated. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 406 schoolchildren (7-9 years old) and their mothers using multi-stage sampling in Babol in 2017. Mothers completed the check list according to the study objectives. Clinical status of FPM was measured using DMFT (Decayed, Missed, Filled Teeth) index. Finally, data were analyzed with SPSS 18 using t-test and chi-square. Significance level was considered as p<0.05. Results: Mothers’ awareness about the eruption time of FPM (p<0.001) was associated with higher ratio of children with sound FPM. Mothers’ education level was the most significant contributing factor to mothers' knowledge about FPM eruption time. Conclusion: Mothers’ education and their knowledge about the FPMs eruption time were the major predictors of FPM caries status.   Mothers Awareness Tooth eruption 2019 9 01 42 48 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-261-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.42

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Maede Rahmanifard 73337rhmmaede@gmail.com Effat Khodadadi drekhodadadi@yahoo.com Soraya Khafri khafri@yahoo.com Fariba Ezoji f_ezoji@yahoo.com Introduction: The ability to seal margins is considered as one of the best predictors for the long-term success of bonded restorations. The aim of this study was to compare microleakage in occlusal and gingival margins between cavities filled with self-adhesive flowable and conventional flowable composites using dye penetration. Composite restorations were bonded with self-etch, total etch and universal adhesives.  Materials & Methods: In this in vitro study, 32 extracted human premolars for orthodontic  purpose were included. Class V cavities (3×3×1.5 mm) were prepared on the facial and lingual surfaces of each tooth.  The teeth were randomly divided into four equal groups based on the type of material: Single Bond 2 (3M ESPE), Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Tokyo,Japan), Universal Scotch Bond(3M ESPE), and  Vertise Flow (Kerr Corp). Bonding agents were applied according  to the manufacturer instructions. Then the cavities of the first three groups were restored with Filtek Flow (3M ESPE,USA). In addition, the teeth were  thermocycled for 30 seconds and 1000 cycles at 5°-55°C.  Microleakage was evaluated using a stereomicroscope (X 40). Specimens were subjected to a dye leakage test. Data were  analyzed using Kruskal- Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.  Results:   Significant difference was observed in microleakage among four groups in both occlusal and gingival levels (p≤0.05).No significant difference was found regarding microleakage between Vertise Flow, and Etch-and-rinse and Universal groups. Conclusion:  Vertise Flow is a useful material with  adequate  marginal seal. Composite resins Dental leakage Dentin-bonding agents 2019 9 01 49 55 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-283-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.49

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Caspian Journal of Dental Research Caspian J Dent Res 2251-9890 2322-2395 10.22088/cjdr 2019 8 2 Imaneh Asgari asgari_i@dnt.mui.ac.ir Asma Amiri asma.amiri70@yahoo.com Introduction: Although though the best way to assess individual’s oral hygiene is to measure plaque and calculus indices, various studies have evaluated an individual’s self-report of oral-hygiene behaviors. The aim of this study was to investigate diagnostic values of self-reporting tool and relationship between current oral self-care behaviors and plaque index (PI). Materials &Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 260 13-15-year-old students from girls’ schools in Isfahan using two-stage randomized sampling. Data collection tools on oral-hygiene habits were extracted based on available studies and presented in two versions for student and parent. Then, students’ PI was measured by a trained and calibrated examiner using Silness and Loe PI. The frequency of oral-hygiene behaviors reported by parents and students with PI was measured by McNemar, Kappa and Mann Whitney tests with significance level of 0.05. Sensitivity and specificity of the tools were calculated based on the standard PI. Results: The PI mean (SD) was 1.07 ±0.5. There was a significant relationship between PI and self-reported toothbrushing status (p = 0.017). The PI was higher in students with bad toothbrushing habits based on the reports of themselves and their parents as well as with bad flossing habits based on their parents’ reports (p=0.017, 0.001, 0.005). Diagnostic value of children’s self-report and parental report about toothbrushing status indicated low sensitivity (about 35%) and high specificity (about 83%). Positive predictive value was approximately good (about 71%) and negative predictive value was low (about 52%). Diagnostic value of parental report about flossing status represented high sensitivity (85%) and low specificity (26%). Conclusion: Findings of this study suggested that among such population, students with bad toothbrushing habits based on parental and self-reports are more likely to have undesirable (moderate/poor) PI. Toothbrushing Sensitivity and specificity Oral hygiene Dental plaque index Self-report 2019 9 01 56 62 http://cjdr.ir/article-1-282-en.pdf 10.22088/cjdr.8.2.56